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Genetics6. GeneticsThe rapid advance of the science of genetics in recent years has so many applications in clinical transfusion medicine that the knowledge of basic concepts of genetics has become necessary for diagnostic purposes. Advances in genetic investigations will help in increasing the knowledge about causes of an individual’s response to a disease and is also helpful in family studies or parentage testing.Inherited characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next generation by chromosomes present in the nucleus of the cell. The locus for ABO blood group is present on chromosome 9, Rh system on chromosome I and MNS system on chromosome 4. The chromosomes are composed of thousands of genes which are the basic unit of heredity. The exact location of a gene on chromosome is termed locus. Genes which occupy identical loci are known as alleles or partner genes. Each individual has genes on the pan of autosomes, one of inherited from the mother and the other from the father, If both alleles which encodevarious groups of related antigens are inherited together. Haplotype is defined as genotype of group of alleles from two or more closely linked loci on one chromosome usually inherited as a unit e.g. HLA complex. Amorph is an allele that appears to produce no genetic product. Phenotype is the physical appearance or condition of an organism or cell. Genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual Codominant inheritance is the expression of both alleles of a pair in a heterozygote.
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