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Blood Group Systems

You are here : Home/ Blood Bank Zone/ Principles of Immunohaematology/ 7. Blood Group Systems

7. Blood Group Systems

Blood groups are inherited characters which give rise to antigen-antibody system. Blood group antigens are components of the red cell membrane and are immunogenic. These are chemically either glycolipids or glycoprotein, the polysaccharide component is responsible for the specificity and an amino acid fraction that determines the antigenicity.

Blood group substances secreted in saliva are haptens. These substances possess specificity but are not antigenic, however, in combination with another protein these can evoke an immune response.

Till date, 20 blood groups systems and 9 collections have been identified consisting of more than 300 antigens. Blood group antigens play an important role in clinical transfusion practice. Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood can lead to serious outcome such as haemolytic transfusion reactions.



ABO blood group system

Although the ABO blood group system was the first to be discovered, it remains the most important system in transfusion practice because of the invariable presence of naturally occurring anti-A and anti- B antibodies (agglutinins) in persons lacking the corresponding antigen. Group A individuals have anti-B agglutinins in plasma and group B individuals have anti-A agglutinins. Group 0 individuals have both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins


The ABO antigens and corresponding antibodies
Antigen on RBC* Antibody in plasma/serum Blood group
A Anti-B A
B Anti-A B
AB None AB
None
Anti-A,B
0



RBC of blood group ‘0’ have H antigen but no A or B antigen.Plasma of a small percentage of individuals of groups A,B, and AB contains small amounts of anti-H agglutinin which is not clinically significant.


Blood group A was further divided into Al and A2. Based on this the ABO system can be divided into six phenotypes i.e., A1,A2,B,A1B,A2,B and 0


Phenotypes & genotypes in ABO blood group system

PhenotypesGenotypes
A1 A1,A1,A1,A2,A2O
A2 A2A2,A2O
BBB,BO
A1BA1B
A2BA2B
OOO



Incidence

The incidence of ABO blood groups in India varies in different parts of the country. Refer below:

Zone O A B AB
North 29 23 40 8
South 40 25 30 5
Easr 32 24 36 8
West 34 27 31 8
Blood bank zone Next Articles
  1. Introduction
  2. Immunohaematology Reactions
  3. Reagents Used In Detecting Antigen-Antibody Reactions
  4. Factors Influencing Antigen-Antibody Reaction
  5. Complement System
  6. Genetics
  7. Blood Group Systems
  8. Blood Genetics & Biochemistry
  9. Importance of the other blood group systems
  10. Red Cell Serology
You are here : Home/ Blood Bank Zone/ Principles of Immunohaematology/ 7. Blood Group Systems
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